3.3.3 Karnaugh Maps

In computers, parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple processors with the objective of running a program in less time.In other words it is  the simultaneous use of several  processors to perform a single job Four basic computer  architectures are  $ single instruction, single data  (SISD),   $ single instruction, multiple data  (SIMD),  $ multiple instruction, single data  (MISD),  $ multiple instruction, multiple data  (MIMD) Single instruction, single data  (SISD) @    A computer that does not have the ability for parallel processing @ There is only one processor executing one set of instructions on a single set of data.   Single instruction, multiple data  (SIMD) @  The processor has several ALUs. Each ALU executes the same instruction but on different data. Multiple instruction, single data  (MISD) Multiple instru...

Differences   :  RISC Vs CISC • RISC has fewer instructions // CISC has more instructions • RISC has many registers // CISC has few registers • RISCs instructions are simpler  // CISC’s instructions are more complex • RISC has a few instruction formats // CISC has many instruction formats • RISC usually uses single-cycle instructions // CISC uses multi-cycle instructions • RISC uses fixed-length instructions  // CISC uses variable-length instructions • RISC has better pipelineability  // CISC has poorer pipelineability • RISC requires less complex circuits // CISC requires more complex circuits • RISC has fewer addressing modes  // CISC has more addressing modes • RISC makes more use of RAM // CISC makes more use of cache/less use of RAM • RISC has a hard-wired control unit  // CISC has a programmable control unit • RISC only uses load and store instructions to address memory  // CISC has many types of instructions to address memo...

Flip Flops ( As much as I know from CAIE ) In general Flip flops can be understood as the circuits used for storage purposes . A single flip flop can be used to store a single bit. Hence they can be used in memory in computer systems. As far as I have been through A levels , I came across its 3 types NAND GATES BASED SR FLIP FLOP NOR GATES BASED SR FLIP FLOP  JK FLIP FLOP NAND GATES BASED SR FLIP FLOP This circuit becomes unstable when S=0 and R=0. Why? Because when S = 0 and R = 0 , Q and complement of Q have same value but as we know complement of Q cannot be equal to Q  so we say that the flip flop has become unstable. NOR GATES BASED SR FLIP FLOP  This circuit becomes unstable when S=1 and R=1. Why? Because when S = 1 and R = 1 , Q and complement of Q have same value but as we know complement of Q cannot be equal to Q so we say that the flip flop has become unstable.